创伤性膝关节脱位失稳性的检查与治疗

目的：探讨创伤性膝关节脱位失稳性的检查方法、手术时机与治疗方法。方法：本组63例创伤性膝关节脱位，男48例，女15例；年龄16-75岁，平均36．6岁。鲜新膝关节脱位40例，陈旧膝关节脱位23例。按Wascher膝关节脱位分型标准：KD—Ⅰ型1例，KD—Ⅱ型13例，KD-Ⅲ型17例，KD—Ⅳ型18例，KD—Ⅴ型14例。结合物理与影像学检查评判患膝稳定性。单纯开放手术治疗53例，单纯关节镜治疗4例，关节镜加开放手术治疗4例，截肢1例，全膝关节置换1例。结果：膝MRI阳性率100％（39／39），膝应力位X线检查阳性率100％（19／19），膝关节镜阳性率93．3％（14／15）。按Lysholm膝关节评分标准：治疗前陈旧伤组平均（37．17±5．33）分，新鲜伤组平均（37．41±5．38）分；治疗后陈旧伤组平均（67．33±14．72）分，新鲜伤组平均（82．45±12．13）分（Z=-3．061，P=0．002）。结论：膝关节应力位X线检查、MR及关节镜检查对评判创伤性膝关节脱位的稳定性有积极意义，失稳性创伤膝关节脱住手术治疗的关键是早期，鲜新伤以修复为主，陈旧伤以重建为主。     

股骨干顺行髓内钉固定后同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗

目的：探讨股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年1月股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后术中或术后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的患者12例,全部以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折,定期随访,评估骨折愈合及功能恢复情况。结果：术后随访10—36个月,平均16．5个月。股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间3．6个月,股骨干骨折平均愈合时间5．4个月,无股骨头坏死发生。按Harris评分标准髋关节功能：优7例,良3例,可2例。结论：股骨干骨折顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折,以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折方法可行,固定可靠,手术创伤小,骨折愈合率高。     

Mechanical and hypoxia stress can cause chondrocytes apoptosis through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress

ObjectiveTo examine the role of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis and osteoarthritis (OA)-liked pathological change on mandibular cartilage through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).MethodsWe used two in vitro models to examine the effect of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis separately. The mandibular condylar chondrocytes were obtained from three-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats. Flexcell 5000T apparatus was used to produce mechanical forces (12%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h vs 20%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h) on chondrocytes. For hypoxia experiment, the concentration of O₂ was down regulated to 5% or 1%. Cell apoptosis rates were quantified by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining and FACS analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the activation of ERS and cellular hypoxia. Then we used a mechanical stress loading rat model to verify the involvement of ERS in OA-liked mandibular cartilage pathological change. Histological changes in mandibular condylar cartilage were assessed via hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. Immunohistochemistry of GRP78, GRP94, HIF-1α, and HIF-2α were performed to evaluate activation of the ERS and existence of hypoxia. Apoptotic cells were detected by the TUNEL method.ResultsTunicamycin, 20% mechanical forces and hypoxia (1% O₂) all significantly increased chondrocytes apoptosis rates and expression of ERS markers (GRP78, GRP94 and Caspase 12). However, 12% mechanical forces can only increase the apoptotic sensitivity of chondrocytes. Mechanical stress resulted in OA-liked pathological change on rat mandibular condylar cartilage which included thinning cartilage and bone erosion. The number of apoptotic cells increased. ERS and hypoxia markers expressions were also enhanced. Salubrinal, an ERS inhibitor, can reverse these effects in vitro and in vivo through the down-regulation of ERS markers and hypoxia markers.ConclusionWe confirmed that mechanical stress and local hypoxia both contributed to the chondrocytes apoptosis. Mechanical stress can cause OA-like pathological change in rat mandibular condylar cartilage via ERS activation and hypoxia existed in the meantime. Both mechanical forces and hypoxia can induce ERS and cause chondrocytes apoptosis only if the stimulate was in higher level. Salubrinal can protect chondrocytes from apoptosis, and relieve OA-liked pathological change on mandibular condylar cartilage under mechanical stress stimulation.     

软骨寡聚基质蛋白对BMP 2诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化的影响

 目的 探讨过表达软骨寡聚基质蛋白（cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP）对BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞成骨及成软骨分化的影响。方法 用BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化,通过脂质体转染含人COMP基因的质粒使骨髓间质干细胞过表达COMP,空载质粒作为对照。以RT-PCR检测成骨相关基因Ⅰ型胶原、RUNX2、骨桥蛋白、骨钙蛋白以及成软骨相关基因Ⅱ型胶原、SOX9、蛋白聚糖的表达变化;通过碱性磷酸酶染色观察成骨过程中的碱性磷酸酶活性,茜素红染色观察成骨终末阶段矿化结节的生成情况,阿利新蓝染色观察细胞基质蛋白多糖的合成情况。结果 COMP组目的基因COMP mRNA的表达显著升高;骨桥蛋白mRNA表达水平较对照组低,呈现出一致的下调趋势（P<0.05）;Ⅰ型胶原、RUNX2、骨钙蛋白mRNA表达水平在诱导早期均高于对照组（P<0.05）,但在诱导晚期均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;成软骨指标（Ⅱ型胶原、SOX9、蛋白聚糖）的基因表达水平强于对照组,呈一致的上调趋势（P<0.05）;SOX9 mRNA表达水平高于对照组,仅在第7天时差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;细胞成骨染色（碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色）均弱于对照组,而阿利新蓝染色强于对照组。结论 COMP能抑制BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞成骨分化,促进BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞成软骨分化。     

距骨骨折后缺血坏死的相关因素分析

目的 :探讨距骨骨折类型和手术方式与骨折后坏死的关系。方法 :自2009年3月至2013年11月收治78例距骨骨折患者,43例随访2~5年,其中男27例,女16例;年龄17~65岁,平均38.6岁。39例距骨颈损伤,4例距骨体损伤。根据损伤情况采取前内侧、前外侧及联合入路手术等方法治疗,受伤后6~48 h进行治疗。分析患者前期骨折类型以及手术方式与后期骨坏死发生概率之间的关系。结果:78例中43例获随访,19例发生距骨坏死,包括距骨颈Ⅰ型骨折2例,距骨颈Ⅱ型骨折5例,距骨颈Ⅲ型骨折5例,距骨颈Ⅳ型骨折5例,距骨体骨折2例(均为合并距骨颈骨折的患者)。共29例采取手术治疗,采用不同手术方式治疗的患者发生距骨坏死的差异无统计学意义。结论:距骨颈骨折较距骨体骨折更易发生缺血坏死,在距骨颈骨折分型中,Ⅲ、Ⅳ型发生缺血坏死可能性大。     

人工椎间盘在腰椎退行性疾病中的临床应用进展

腰椎间盘退行性疾病是脊柱外科常见疾病,也是成年人腰痛和伤残的主要原因之一。传统观念认为腰椎融合术的临床效果是肯定的,但没有保留脊柱的生理运动功能,并且腰椎运动节段的融合加快了邻近节段椎间盘及小关节的退变。腰椎功能解剖学和生物力学领域深入的研究使得不同构造和材质的现代人工椎间盘装置的发展成为可能。人工腰椎间盘置换术作为腰椎融合之外治疗腰椎退行性疾病的另一合理的选择,目的是使退变椎间盘引起的疼痛得到长期缓解,重建椎间隙高度以保护神经组织,保留脊柱运动以避免晚期关节突关节及邻近节段的病变,恢复脊柱的运动学和载荷特性。本综述旨在阐释人工腰椎间盘的类型,该领域中的研究及临床应用进展和发展前景。     

Continuous intraoperative electromyographic and transcranial motor evoked potential recordings in spinal stenosis surgery

Spinal stenosis refers to narrowing of the spinal canal with encroachment of the neural structures by adjacent bone and soft tissue. Surgical treatment usually offers greater pain relief and functional recovery than non-surgical treatment. Nevertheless, neurological complications from decompressive laminectomy have been reported to range between 1% and 33%. Therefore, the purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEP) and continuous electromyography (EMG) to prevent irreversible pyramidal tract damage during decompressive laminectomy. We prospectively evaluated 25 patients (11 males and 14 females) who underwent decompressive laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis. TcMEP and EMG were monitored intraoperatively. Postoperatively all patients had regular follow-up examinations. Electrophysiological monitoring was not performed in two patients because of the use of incompatible anaesthetic regimens. In 17/25 patients there was an increase in TcMEP amplitudes of more than 50%, whereas in six patients the amplitudes only slightly increased or remained unchanged. The 17 patients with the increased TcMEP amplitudes had the greatest improvement 3 and 12 months postoperatively, based on neurological examination and the visual analog scale pain ratings (p < 0.001). Intraoperative monitoring may allow rapid identification of potential damage of the neural structures and avoidance through corrective action. TcMEP and continuous EMG monitoring is an effective method for monitoring neural function cord during surgical decompression of the lumbar spine and may additionally give prognostic information for the assessment of patient outcome.     

成人退行性脊柱侧凸的研究进展

概述成人退行性脊柱侧凸及其治疗的研究进展。文献资料来自1965—2004年，用“退行性”、“脊柱侧凸”和“治疗”这三个关键词在MEDLINE上搜索，然后查全文。成人退行性脊柱侧凸的治疗根据临床症状和脊柱畸形程度和范围分为保守治疗，单纯椎管减压术，椎管减压＋后路内固定融合术，椎管减压＋后路内固定术＋前后路融合术。脊柱畸形一般包括侧凸、生理前凸的丢失、椎体滑移和脊柱旋转。根据症状和畸形的严重程度来选择合适的治疗方法是至关重要的，全面评价脊柱冠状面和矢状面的畸形程度和了解神经受累情况一样重要，可以指导治疗。生理前凸的丢失、椎体滑移和脊柱旋转的纠正对下肢和腰背疼痛的缓解有很大帮助，然而侧凸的纠正是否有助于缓解下肢和腰背症状仍存争议。畸形中最重要的是生理前凸的丢失，应该尽可能的纠正以达到脊柱矢状面的平衡，从而缓解腰背症状。     

Ⅲ期骨肉瘤的治疗

目的探讨Ⅲ期骨肉瘤的诊断、治疗和预后。方法分析1989年12月至2003年12月收治的23例Ⅲ期肢体骨肉瘤患者,男14例,女9例;年龄16～31岁,平均22.4岁。肺转移15例,骨转移7例(跳跃转移5例,骨肉瘤病2例),同时存在肺和骨转移1例。经术前化疗,并行原发肿瘤和转移病灶的切除手术。结果经术前化疗,1例就诊时肺部有1个结节的患者转移瘤消失,1例同时存在肺和骨转移者,切除原发病灶后,出现多处转移,不能行转移灶切除手术;2例骨肉瘤病者仅切除原发病灶;5例跳跃转移者中的2例,切除原发和跳跃转移病灶后,各出现1个肺转移灶。16例行开胸术,其中6例再次出现肺转移灶而行二次开胸术,3例患者二次开胸术后出现肺外转移而放弃治疗。原发病灶与转移病灶的肿瘤坏死率差异无统计学意义。随访5～168个月(平均74.6个月),无瘤生存9例,带瘤生存4例,死亡10例。Cox模型分析提示转移病灶的数目与预后相关(P<0.05)。肺转移与跳跃转移病灶的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线经log-rank检验,差异无统计学意义。结论新辅助化疗及原发病灶和转移灶的手术切除是Ⅲ期骨肉瘤治疗的有效方法,首次肺转移灶切除采用胸骨正中切口,转移瘤的数目与预后相关。     

邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗的选择

目的回顾性分析邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗方法,前瞻性分析骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗方法选择的可行性。方法回顾性分析1978至1997年住院治疗且有完整随访资料的邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤121例,71例采用病损内手术（刮除,液氮冷冻,自体或异体骨植骨,病损内手术组）,50例采用大块切除异体半关节移植治疗（大块切除重建组）。根据随访患者临床、肿瘤特性及手术方式与肿瘤复发、肢体功能和并发症的相关性研究,按照CT横截面,肿瘤破坏大小,制订新的治疗方案：（1）Ⅰ型肿瘤破坏横轴线1／2以下,病损内手术,灭活,自体、异体骨支撑植骨或骨水泥填充;（2）U型肿瘤破坏横轴线1／2～3／4之间,Ⅰ型治疗基础上加内固定;（3）Ⅲ型肿瘤破坏横轴线〉3／4,大块切除后异体半关节移植或人工关节置换。前瞻性收集1998至2001年住院治疗且有完整随访资料的邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤65例,其中45例采用病损内手术（刮除,电灼加石炭酸灭活,自体植骨加骨水泥填充,病损内手术组）,20例采用大块切除后人工关节置换（大块切除重建组）,通过患者肿瘤复发、肢体功能和并发症评价该方案的可行性。结果第一时期内,两组间局部肿瘤复发无统计学意义,而病损内手术的术后并发症和肢体功能评分明显好于大块切除重建组。第二时期内,两组间局部肿瘤复发、术后并发症和肢体功能评分无统计学意义,大块切除重建病例数量明显减少。结论邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗,可以根据CT横截面,肿瘤破坏大小,分别选择病损内手术和肿瘤大块切除重建,而有效的病损内手术是邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗的首选。